[Invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients].

At present, the concept of immunocompromised patient cannot be applied exclusively to the classic groups of cancer, HIV-infected or transplanted patients. The cytotoxic treatment of patients with much more common conditions such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis has produced an exponential increase in the universe of patients with different degrees of immunological commitment. The generalization of transplantation procedures, even in advanced ages of life, the prolonged survival of patients with cancer and the decrease of the viral load in HIV-infected patients have resulted in long-term immunosupresions. The prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is increasing in immunocompromised patients but each group of immunocompromised patients present peculiarities that must be recognized to be addressed appropriately. Despite the recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of IFIs, they still present unacceptable morbility and mortality rates. Although IFIs are commonly caused by Candida spp. or Aspergillus spp., a variety of fungi are emerging as agents of IFIs. These emerging fungi require an individualized basic and clinical study. The aim of this work is to review the IFIs caused by common and emerging fungi in the three more numerous groups of immunocompromised patients: HIV-infected patients, solid organ transplant recipients and cancer patients, especially those with hematological malignancies or hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.