Protein folding in high-dimensional spaces: hypergutters and the role of nonnative interactions.

We explore the consequences of very high dimensionality in the dynamical landscape of protein folding. Consideration of both typical range of stabilizing interactions, and folding rates themselves, leads to a model of the energy hypersurface that is characterized by the structure of diffusive "hypergutters" as well as the familiar "funnels". Several general predictions result: 1), intermediate subspaces of configurations will always be visited; 2), specific but nonnative interactions may be important in stabilizing these low-dimensional diffusive searches on the folding pathway, as well as native interactions; 3), sequential barriers will commonly be found, even in "two-state" proteins; 4), very early times will show characteristic departures from single-exponential kinetics; and 5), contributions of nonnative interactions to Phi-values and "Chevron plots" are calculable, and may be significant. The example of a three-helix bundle is treated in more detail as an illustration. The model also shows that high-dimensional structures provide conceptual relations between different models of protein folding. It suggests that kinetic strategies for fast folding may be encoded rather generally in nonnative as well as in native interactions. The predictions are related to very recent findings in experiment and simulation.