Determination of rate constants for charge transfer and the distribution of semiconductor and electrolyte electronic energy levels in dye-sensitized solar cells by open-circuit photovoltage decay method.

A combination of electron lifetime measurement in nanoparticles as a function of the Fermi level position at high resolution in the potential scale with a new model to describe this dependence provides a powerful tool to study the microscopic processes and parameters governing recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. This model predicts a behavior divided in three domains for the electron lifetime dependence on open-circuit voltage that is in excellent agreement with the experimental results: a constant lifetime at high photovoltage, related to free electrons; an exponential increase due to internal trapping and detrapping and an inverted parabolla at low photovoltage that corresponds to the density of levels of acceptor electrolyte species, including the Marcus inverted region.