OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the considerable quantities of increased female sex hormone levels found in modern milk as a result of modern dairy farming practices are safe for human consumption. DESIGN: Males and females of the P generation were maintained on a diet containing milk for 10 weeks before mating. Exposure to milk was continued up to the end of weaning of the F2b offspring. SETTING: Two-generation reproduction study. ANIMAL(S): Male and female Wistar Galas rats. INTERVENTION(S): P- and F1-generation rats were mated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Fertility, fecundity, and morphology and function of reproductive organs. RESULT(S): Although milk had growth-promoting effects in both parents and offspring, it caused no impairments in fertility, fecundity, or reproductive organ development in either generation. However, a whole litter from a dam of the P generation was born dead, three litters in total had a pup with skeletal abnormalities, and the AGD of F2a female pups was reduced. These events occurred only in the milk-treated rats. It is unknown whether these issues had any relevance to milk or only happened by chance. CONCLUSION(S): Further study is required to determine whether milk from pregnant cows is completely free from adverse effects on reproductive health.
OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the considerable quantities of increased female sex hormone levels found in modern milk as a result of modern dairy farming practices are safe for human consumption. DESIGN: Males and females of the P generation were maintained on a diet containing milk for 10 weeks before mating. Exposure to milk was continued up to the end of weaning of the F2b offspring. SETTING: Two-generation reproduction study. ANIMAL(S): Male and female Wistar Galas rats. INTERVENTION(S): P- and F1-generation rats were mated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Fertility, fecundity, and morphology and function of reproductive organs. RESULT(S): Although milk had growth-promoting effects in both parents and offspring, it caused no impairments in fertility, fecundity, or reproductive organ development in either generation. However, a whole litter from a dam of the P generation was born dead, three litters in total had a pup with skeletal abnormalities, and the AGD of F2a female pups was reduced. These events occurred only in the milk-treated rats. It is unknown whether these issues had any relevance to milk or only happened by chance. CONCLUSION(S): Further study is required to determine whether milk from pregnant cows is completely free from adverse effects on reproductive health.
Authors: Lauren A Wise; Amelia K Wesselink; Ellen M Mikkelsen; Heidi Cueto; Kristen A Hahn; Kenneth J Rothman; Katherine L Tucker; Henrik Toft Sørensen; Elizabeth E Hatch Journal: Am J Clin Nutr Date: 2016-11-30 Impact factor: 7.045
Authors: Holly C Evans; Elanie F Briggs; Randy H Burnett; Zully E Contreras-Correa; Morgan A Duvic; Lacey M Dysart; Alicia A Gilmore; Riley D Messman; Dana Reid; Muhammet Rasit Ugur; Abdullah Kaya; Erdogan Memili Journal: J Anim Sci Date: 2022-07-01 Impact factor: 3.338
Authors: M Afeiche; P L Williams; J Mendiola; A J Gaskins; N Jørgensen; S H Swan; J E Chavarro Journal: Hum Reprod Date: 2013-05-12 Impact factor: 6.918