Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of the cold shock response in wild-type and cold-sensitive, quadruple-csp-deletion strains of Escherichia coli.

A DNA microarray-based global transcript profiling of Escherichia coli in response to cold shock showed that in addition to the known cold shock-inducible genes, new genes such as the flagellar operon, those encoding proteins involved in sugar transport and metabolism, and remarkably, genes encoding certain heat shock proteins are induced by cold shock. In the light of strong reduction in metabolic activity of the cell after temperature downshift, the induction of sugar metabolism machinery is unexpected. The deletion of four csps (cspA, cspB, cspG, and cspE) affected cold shock induction of mostly those genes that are transiently induced in the acclimation phase, emphasizing that CspA homologues are essential in the acclimation phase. Relevance of these findings with respect to the known RNA chaperone function of CspA homologues is discussed.