Polymer solutions and entropic-based systems for double-stranded DNA capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis.

We give an overview of recent development of low-viscosity polymer solutions and entropic trapping networks for double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) separations by conventional capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis. Theoretical models for describing separation mechanisms, commonly used noncross-linked polymer solutions, thermoresponsive (viscosity-adjustable) polymer solutions, and novel entropic trapping networks are included. The thermoresponsive polymer solutions can be loaded at one temperature into microchannels at lower viscosities, and used in separation at another temperature at entanglement threshold concentrations and higher viscosities. The entropic-based separations use only arrays of regular obstacles acting as size-separations and do not need viscous polymer solutions. These progresses have potential in integration to automated capillary and microfluidic chip systems, enabling better reusability of separation microchannels, much shorter DNA separation times, and higher reproducibility due to less matrix degradation.