Inducing affective states with success-failure manipulations: a meta-analysis.

Meta-analytic techniques were used to assess whether successes and failures can be used experimentally to induce affective states. Data from 32 studies, with a total of 2,468 participants, were reviewed. Methods for producing success-failure experiences, as well as the resulting affective reactions, were analyzed. Effect sizes as a result of various methods of induction were calculated. The success-failure manipulation turned out to be capable of reliably inducing both positive and negative affective reactions. A framework for using success-failure manipulations in affect induction is presented. ((c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved) Copyright 2004 American Psychological Association