Effect of early cold stress on the maturation of rice anthers.

Male reproductive development in rice (Oryza sativa Linnaeus is very sensitive to various forms of environmental stresses including low temperature. Here, we present our findings on the proteomic analysis of the later developmental consequences of low temperature treatment on rice anthers. Anther proteins at the trinucleate stage, with or without cold treatment for four days at 12 degrees C at the young microspore stage, were extracted, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and compared. More than 3000 rice anther proteins of cold-sensitive cultivar Doongara plants at the trinucleate stage were resolved on 2-DE gels over a pH range of 4-7 and detected by silver-staining. Seventy protein spots were differentially displayed after four days of cold treatment at the young microspore stage. Of these, 12 protein spots were newly-induced, 47 were up-regulated, and 11 were down-regulated by cold treatment at the early microspore stage. We identified 18 by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis. Of the identified proteins, seven were observed as breakdown (cleavage) products by a combination of 2-DE and MALDI-TOF analysis, thus demonstrating for the first time that cold temperature stress at the young microspore stage enhances and induces partial degradation of proteins in the rice anthers at the trinucleate stage.