AIMS: To prospectively investigate the association between self-reported psychosocial stress and long-term cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in a population-based cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Malmö Preventive Project is a population-based screening and intervention programme for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Between 1974 and 1980, a total of 13,609 (2741 women) individuals, mean age 45 years, had self-reported chronic stress determined by questionnaire. CV morbidity and mortality were followed up in national registries. Median follow-up time was 21 years. The risk ratio (RR) for a fatal or nonfatal CV incident in the men and women of the group reporting chronic stress was 1.27 (95% CI 1.15-1.39). After stepwise adjustments for known CV risk factors, the RR was reduced to 1.14 (1.02-1.28). The highest RR was found for fatal stroke in men reporting chronic stress, 2.04 (1.07-3.88). For women alone, there was no significant increase in risk after adjustments. CONCLUSION: Self-reported chronic stress is an independent risk factor for CVD, particularly fatal stroke, in middle-aged men; it continues to be a risk factor after adjustment for several other known risk factors. The adjustment itself might reflect mechanisms whereby psychosocial stress directly or indirectly exerts its effects on the body, indicating a possible over-adjustment.
AIMS: To prospectively investigate the association between self-reported psychosocial stress and long-term cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in a population-based cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Malmö Preventive Project is a population-based screening and intervention programme for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Between 1974 and 1980, a total of 13,609 (2741 women) individuals, mean age 45 years, had self-reported chronic stress determined by questionnaire. CV morbidity and mortality were followed up in national registries. Median follow-up time was 21 years. The risk ratio (RR) for a fatal or nonfatal CV incident in the men and women of the group reporting chronic stress was 1.27 (95% CI 1.15-1.39). After stepwise adjustments for known CV risk factors, the RR was reduced to 1.14 (1.02-1.28). The highest RR was found for fatal stroke in men reporting chronic stress, 2.04 (1.07-3.88). For women alone, there was no significant increase in risk after adjustments. CONCLUSION: Self-reported chronic stress is an independent risk factor for CVD, particularly fatal stroke, in middle-aged men; it continues to be a risk factor after adjustment for several other known risk factors. The adjustment itself might reflect mechanisms whereby psychosocial stress directly or indirectly exerts its effects on the body, indicating a possible over-adjustment.
Authors: Aoife O'Donovan; A Janet Tomiyama; Jue Lin; Eli Puterman; Nancy E Adler; Margaret Kemeny; Owen M Wolkowitz; Elizabeth H Blackburn; Elissa S Epel Journal: Brain Behav Immun Date: 2012-01-24 Impact factor: 7.217
Authors: Randy Cohen; Natalie C Gasca; Robyn L McClelland; Carmela Alcántara; David R Jacobs; Ana Diez Roux; Alan Rozanski; Steven Shea Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2016-03-02 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Safiya Richardson; Jonathan A Shaffer; Louise Falzon; David Krupka; Karina W Davidson; Donald Edmondson Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2012-09-10 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Susan A Everson-Rose; Kimberly A Skarupski; Lisa L Barnes; Todd Beck; Denis A Evans; Carlos F Mendes de Leon Journal: Health Place Date: 2011-03-21 Impact factor: 4.078
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