Taxonomy and biology of Fusarium moniliforme.

Fusarium moniliforme is one of the most prevalent fungi associated with basic human and animal dietary samples such as corn. This fungus has been suspected of being involved in human and animal diseases since its original description. Fusarium moniliforme is in the section Liseola along with F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. anthophilum. Cultural mutation often occurs when F. moniliforme is grown on a medium rich in carbohydrates. Mutants may be either the mycelial or pionnotal type and often lose virulence and the ability to produce toxins. Toxins produced by F. moniliforme are fusaric acid, fusarins, gibberellins, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The fumonisins are produced most often when F. moniliforme grows on corn. Fusarium moniliforme causes ear rot and stalk rot of corn and infection of corn kernels by this fungus is widespread. Infection of developing corn kernels may occur through the silks, through holes and fissures in the pericarp or at points where the pericarp is torn by the emerging seedling, and as a result of systemic infection of the corn plant by F. moniliforme. These models of infection as well as infestation of the kernel surface are important factors when considering the production of fumonisins in corn.