Bone health in pediatric epilepsy.

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods of skeletal mineralization. Peak bone mineral density achieved by the end of adolescence determines the risk for later pathological fractures and osteoporosis. Chronic disease and medication often adversely affect bone health. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions occurring in persons under the age of 21. Epilepsy may affect bone in a number of ways. Restrictions of physical activity imposed by seizures; limitations on physical activity resulting from cerebral palsy, frequently present in patients with symptomatic epilepsy; and medications used to treat seizures can all adversely affect bone health. It has long been observed that treatment with phenytoin and phenobarbital can be associated with rickets. More recently, established agents such as carbamazepine and valproate have been shown to be associated with a lowering of bone mineral density. The literature related to bone health in pediatric epilepsy is reviewed, although it should be noted that these data are limited.