The comet assay as biomarker of heavy metal genotoxicity in earthworms.

The ubiquitous occurring earthworm species, Eisenia fetida, were exposed to nickel chloride to determine whether the heavy metal Ni caused DNA damage, as measured by the comet (single cell gel electrophoresis) assay. Primary cell cultures of earthworm coelomocytes were exposed in vitro and whole animals either in spiked artificial soil water or in spiked cattle manure substrates. Comets formed were scored using mean tail lengths as well as comparing percentages of damage in five different damage classes. The exposure concentrations used for the in vitro exposure (2, 6, and 12 microg/ml) caused the formation of comets of which the mean tail lengths differed significantly (p < 0.05) from those of unexposed controls but not from each other. Coelomocytes from worms exposed in artificial soil water at concentrations of 0.0049, 0.0078, 0.0175, and 0.025 mg/ml formed comets of which the mean tail lengths differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the exposure groups with increasingly longer tail lengths with higher concentration (dose-related response). The tail length means of the comets of the three highest exposure concentrations also differed significantly (p < 0.05) from the controls. No dose-related response was found between comet tail lengths of the three exposure concentrations (60, 240, and 480 mg/kg) used for the worms in the cattle manure substrates, but the mean tail lengths of comets from all three exposure groups differed significantly (p > 0.05) from the controls. The comets formed in cells from animals exposed in artificial soil water and in cattle manure substrates, scored within damage classes, indicated a clear shift with increasing exposure concentrations from low to high damage. Our results indicated DNA single-strand breaks in soil invertebrate cells caused by exposure to a nickel compound, verifying previous findings for mammals which indicated that this heavy metal has genotoxic potential. These results therefore suggest that earthworms may be useful indicator organisms to assess the genotoxic risks of nickel pollution to terrestrial environments and that the comet assay is a useful tool to use as biomarker of genotoxic effects on invertebrates in soil.