Transdermal delivery of ondansetron hydrochloride: effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers.

The effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ondansetron hydrochloride (OS) across dorsal hairless mouse skins were investigated. Various types of vehicles, including ester, alcohol, and ether and their mixtures were used, and then a series of fatty acids and fatty alcohols were employed as enhancers. Among pure vehicles used, water and ethanol showed high permeation fluxes, which were 48.2+/-23.7 and 41.9+/-17.9 microg/cm2 per h, respectively. Even though propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) alone did not show a high permeation rate, the skin permeability of OS was increased by the addition of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME); the highest flux was achieved at 40% of DGME. Also, the combination of PGMC and ethanol (80:20) or PGMC and propylene glycol (PG) (60:40) increased the permeation flux by six- and two-fold, respectively, compared to PGMC alone. The synergistic enhancement was also obtained by using PG-oleyl alcohol (OAl) cosolvent. The greatest flux was attained by the addition of unsaturated fatty acids at 3% concentration to PG. The enhancement factors with the addition of oleic acid or linoleic acid to PG were about 1250 and 450, respectively. But saturated fatty acids failed to show a significant enhancing effect. When the PGMC-DGME (60:40) cosolvent system was used as a vehicle, all fatty acids, including unsaturated fatty acids, failed to show significant enhancing effects. The results indicate that the combinations of oleic acid, linoleic acid, or oleyl alcohol with PG, or PGMC-DGME (60:40) cosolvent could be used for the design of the OS transdermal system.