Short- and long-term mechanical ventricular assistance towards myocardial recovery.

Long-term LVADs are primarily used as a bridge to transplantation because cardiac transplantation currently offers a better long-term outlook for most patients. Some patients will not get the opportunity for transplantation due to organ shortages and long waiting lists, however, and alternate care strategies must be considered. LVAD weaning and explantation may be an appropriate course of action for patients who have IDC and in whom transplantation is not the optimal therapy. The data demonstrate that LVAD weaning may be performed successfully in selected patients with IDC, and that transplantation may be delayed or avoided altogether; however, VAD weaning is not without its risks. Many of the patients have demonstrated recurrence of heart failure at various times after undergoing device removal. Through proper monitoring, most of these patients can be identified early enough to be relisted for transplantation, although some will require reinsertion of an LVAD while waiting. The critical steps in establishing a successful VAD weaning program are proper patient selection, ventricular unloading in the early stages, the institution of heart failure medications, frequent monitoring for ventricular recovery, and a period of ventricular retraining before explantation. In addition, the surgeons must be able to perform the explantation procedure with a low operative mortality. As experience with LVAD weaning and explantation grows, we may be able to better predict which patients may be successfully treated without resorting to transplantation. Explantation may eliminate, or safely delay, the need for cardiac transplantation. Although it is unlikely that these patients will be studied in a randomized fashion, the collection of accurate and complete data may allow us to establish a database that can answer many of today's questions.