Tahereh Khazaeinia1, Fakhreddin Jamali. 1. Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8. tahereh_k@hotmail.com
Abstract
PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac may be reduced if it is administered as a complex with phospholipid. The upper and lower GI permeability induced by a diclofenac-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) complex were compared with those of diclofenac acid and its sodium salt in rats. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out to assess bioavailability of diclofenac preparations. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally (equivalent to 15 mg/kg diclofenac sodium) as the acid or its sodium salt as well as diclofenac-DPPC complex. Upper and lower GI permeability, as surrogate markers of toxicity were determined using sucrose and 51Cr-EDTA, respectively. RESULTS: At 1 h post-dose only diclofenac sodium induced a significant increased upper GI permeability. Three h post-dose all formulations significantly increased upper GI permeability although the diclofenac acid had the least effect. In the lower GI tract, the induced increase in permeability was significant at 1 and 3 h post-dose for all formulations with no significant differences between them. CONCLUSION: The induced upper and lower GI toxicity of diclofenac was formulation and time dependent. The lack of effect of diclofenac acid was due to the decreased availability of the drug. In the upper GI tract, up to 1 h post-dose, the diclofenac-DPPC complex demonstrated reduced upper gastroduodenal permeability as measured by sucrose. However, the protective effect of DPPC did not last and was not extended to the lower GI tract due to the systemic effect, contribution from the enterohepatic recirculation and/or dissociation of the complex. In assessing diclofenac GI toxicity, the effect of the different formulations on the entire GI tract at various times after drug administration must be considered.
PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac may be reduced if it is administered as a complex with phospholipid. The upper and lower GI permeability induced by a diclofenac-dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) complex were compared with those of diclofenac acid and its sodium salt in rats. METHODS: Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out to assess bioavailability of diclofenac preparations. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally (equivalent to 15 mg/kg diclofenac sodium) as the acid or its sodium salt as well as diclofenac-DPPC complex. Upper and lower GI permeability, as surrogate markers of toxicity were determined using sucrose and 51Cr-EDTA, respectively. RESULTS: At 1 h post-dose only diclofenac sodium induced a significant increased upper GI permeability. Three h post-dose all formulations significantly increased upper GI permeability although the diclofenac acid had the least effect. In the lower GI tract, the induced increase in permeability was significant at 1 and 3 h post-dose for all formulations with no significant differences between them. CONCLUSION: The induced upper and lower GI toxicity of diclofenac was formulation and time dependent. The lack of effect of diclofenac acid was due to the decreased availability of the drug. In the upper GI tract, up to 1 h post-dose, the diclofenac-DPPC complex demonstrated reduced upper gastroduodenal permeability as measured by sucrose. However, the protective effect of DPPC did not last and was not extended to the lower GI tract due to the systemic effect, contribution from the enterohepatic recirculation and/or dissociation of the complex. In assessing diclofenacGI toxicity, the effect of the different formulations on the entire GI tract at various times after drug administration must be considered.
Authors: Kok Yuen Ho; Kok Ann Gwee; Yew Kuang Cheng; Kam Hon Yoon; Hwan Tak Hee; Abdul Razakjr Omar Journal: J Pain Res Date: 2018-09-20 Impact factor: 3.133