Melissa A Schiff1, Susan D Reed, Janet R Daling. 1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sex ratio among pregnancies complicated by first trimester hyperemesis gravidarum and extend previous findings to include a measure of severity. DESIGN: Population-based case control study. SETTING: All non-federal hospitals in Washington State. POPULATION: Two thousand and one hundred and ten pregnant women hospitalised for hyperemesis gravidarum and 9783 pregnant women without hyperemesis gravidarum. METHODS: The infant sex ratio for pregnant women admitted to the hospital for hyperemesis gravidarum was evaluated using the Washington State hospital discharge database linked to the birth certificate database for years 1987-1996. Cases were pregnant women hospitalised for hyperemesis gravidarum (International Classification for Diseases-9th edition [ICD-9] diagnosis code 643) in the first trimester. Controls were women who experienced a singleton live birth and were not hospitalised for hyperemesis in Washington State during the same time period. Regression analysis with general estimating equations was used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the association of hyperemesis gravidarum with infant sex ratio. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Infant sex ratio. RESULTS: Pregnant women hospitalised for hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester had a 50% increased odds of having a female infant compared with controls (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4, 1.7). Women hospitalised for three or more days had the greatest odds of having a female infant compared with control women (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5, 2.0). CONCLUSION: Hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with an increase in female live births and may be a marker for high oestrogen levels in utero.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sex ratio among pregnancies complicated by first trimester hyperemesis gravidarum and extend previous findings to include a measure of severity. DESIGN: Population-based case control study. SETTING: All non-federal hospitals in Washington State. POPULATION: Two thousand and one hundred and ten pregnant women hospitalised for hyperemesis gravidarum and 9783 pregnant women without hyperemesis gravidarum. METHODS: The infant sex ratio for pregnant women admitted to the hospital for hyperemesis gravidarum was evaluated using the Washington State hospital discharge database linked to the birth certificate database for years 1987-1996. Cases were pregnant women hospitalised for hyperemesis gravidarum (International Classification for Diseases-9th edition [ICD-9] diagnosis code 643) in the first trimester. Controls were women who experienced a singleton live birth and were not hospitalised for hyperemesis in Washington State during the same time period. Regression analysis with general estimating equations was used to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess the association of hyperemesis gravidarum with infant sex ratio. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Infant sex ratio. RESULTS: Pregnant women hospitalised for hyperemesis gravidarum in the first trimester had a 50% increased odds of having a female infant compared with controls (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.4, 1.7). Women hospitalised for three or more days had the greatest odds of having a female infant compared with control women (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5, 2.0). CONCLUSION:Hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with an increase in female live births and may be a marker for high oestrogen levels in utero.
Authors: James E Haddow; Monica R McClain; Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian; Glenn E Palomaki; Jacob A Canick; Jane Cleary-Goldman; Fergal D Malone; T Flint Porter; David A Nyberg; Peter Bernstein; Mary E D'Alton Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2008-06-10 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Fergus P McCarthy; Ali S Khashan; Robyn A North; Rona Moss-Morris; Philip N Baker; Gus Dekker; Lucilla Poston; Louise C Kenny Journal: PLoS One Date: 2011-11-18 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Altuğ Semiz; Yaşam Kemal Akpak; Necip Cihangir Yılanlıoğlu; Ali Babacan; Gökhan Gönen; Canan Çam Gönen; Murat Asıliskender; Selim Karaküçük Journal: J Int Med Res Date: 2017-01-17 Impact factor: 1.671