Policy before practice: genetic discrimination reviewed.

The value of genetics in medicine has been steadily developing with our increasing knowledge of the human genome. Genetic testing to determine disease risk or potential drug effects is set to become more commonplace. With this comes increasing concern about access to genetic information, and the potential for discriminatory usage of such information. At present, the scope and predictability of genetic testing and the conclusions that may be drawn fairly from genetic information are limited. Nonetheless, public concerns about discrimination based on the possession of a genetic trait or condition are well documented. The prospect that such information might be used in decisions regarding employment or insurability has caused anxiety and prompted legislation largely dedicated to the use of information about one's genotype rather than medical information in general. These laws emphasize genetic information as distinct from other medical information and attempt to prioritize interests in genetic information. As the distinction between genetic and medical information becomes untenable, those who would regulate the use of genotypic information will find this approach to policy problematic.In considering the limits of legislation as an effective tool of regulating genetic discrimination, several conclusions can be drawn: firstly, despite the promise of genomic medicine, current knowledge is insufficient to justify the use or application of certain genetic information in nonmedical contexts; secondly, public resistance to genomic medicine that is based on fear of genetic discrimination poses a danger that justifies a policy response; and thirdly, such a response may be purely symbolic and not entirely effective, provided that the policy establishes a consensus regarding the applicability of genetic information in nonmedical contexts.