Rearrangements and chromosomal evolution.

Comparisons of the genome sequences of related species suggests varying patterns of chromosomal rearrangements in different evolutionary lineages. In this review, I focus on the quantitative characterization of rearrangement processes and discuss specific inventories that have been compiled to date. Of particular interest are the statistical distribution of the lengths of inverted or locally transposed chromosome fragments (notably very short ones), inhomogeneities in susceptibility to evolutionary breakpoints in chromosomal regions, the relative importance of genome doubling in the history of multicellular eukaryotes, and of lateral transfer versus gene gain and loss in prokaryotes. These developments provide challenges to computational biologists to refine, revise and scale up mathematical models and algorithms for analyzing genome rearrangements.