Suppression of corticospinal excitability during negative motor imagery.

To investigate the effect of negative motor imagery on corticospinal excitability, we performed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies in seven healthy subjects during imagination of suppressing movements. Subjects were asked to imagine suppression of TMS-induced twitching movement of their nondominant left hands by attempting to increase the amount of relaxation after receiving an auditory NoGo cue (negative motor imagery), but to imagine squeezing hands after a Go cue (positive motor imagery). Single- and paired-pulse TMS were triggered at 2 s after Go or NoGo cues. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded in the first dorsal interosseus (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB), and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles of the left hand. Paired-pulse TMS with subthreshold conditioning stimuli at interstimulus intervals of 2 (short intracortical inhibition) and 15 ms (intracortical facilitation) and that with suprathreshold conditioning stimuli at interstimulus interval of 80 ms (long intracortical inhibition) were performed in both negative motor imagery and control conditions. Compared with the control state (no imagination), MEP amplitudes of FDI (but not APB and ADM) were significantly suppressed in negative motor imagery, but those from all three muscles were unchanged during positive motor imagery. F-wave responses (amplitudes and persistence) were unchanged during both negative and positive motor imagery. During negative motor imagery, resting motor threshold was significantly increased, but short and long intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation were unchanged. The present results demonstrate that excitatory corticospinal drive is suppressed during imagination of suppressing movements.