Q-methodology: a systematic approach to assessing learners in palliative care education.

Q-methodology is a qualitative research method that has increasingly been used to identify the complex attributes and behaviors that impact learning within medicine. Because learners bring a lifetime of experiences, values, and beliefs to a palliative care education, this method is ideal for identifying the typology of learner's present, thus making it possible to adapt the palliative care curriculum to meet the identified needs of each subgroup of learners. A step-by-step overview of the methodology using an example from pediatric graduate medical education illustrates the process. Potential uses of Q-methodology in palliative care are outlined including its application to the assessment of affective learning competencies, before and after a palliative care curriculum. The development of a universal palliative care education Q-sample, a collection of subjective opinion statements reflecting the spectrum of opinions on the topic, would advance the use of the Q-methodology in palliative medicine education.