Active cell death in hormone-dependent tissues.

Active cell death (ACD) in hormone-dependent tissues such as the prostate and mammary gland is readily induced by hormone ablation and by treatment with anti-androgens or anti-estrogens, calcium channel agonists and TGF beta. These agents induce a variety of genes within the hormone-dependent epithelial cells including TRPM-2, transglutaminase, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Hsp27 and several other unidentified genes. Not all epithelial cells in the glands are equally sensitive to the induction of ACD. In the prostate, the secretory epithelial cells that are sensitive to hormone ablation are localized in the distal region of the prostatic ducts, and are in direct contact with the neighboring stroma. In contrast, the epithelial cells in the proximal regions of the ducts are more resistant to hormone ablation, probably because the permissive effects of the stroma are attenuated by the presence of the basal epithelial cells, which are intercalated between the epithelium and stroma. The underlying biology of ACD in prostate and mammary glands, and its relevance to hormone resistance, is discussed in this review.