Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying face processing within and beyond the temporal cortical visual areas.

The ways in which information about faces is represented and stored in the temporal lobe visual areas of primates, as shown by recordings from single neurons in macaques, are considered. Some neurons that respond primarily to faces are found in the cortex in the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus (in which neurons are especially likely to be tuned to facial expression and to face movement involved in gesture), and in the TE areas more ventrally forming the inferior temporal gyrus (in which neurons are more likely to have responses related to the identity of faces). Quantitative studies of the responses of the neurons that respond differently to the faces of different individuals show that information about the identity of the individual is represented by the responses of a population of neurons, that is, ensemble encoding rather than 'grandmother cell' encoding is used. It is argued that this type of tuning is a delicate compromise between very fine tuning, which has the advantage of low interference in neuronal network operations but the disadvantage of losing the useful properties (such as generalization, completion and graceful degradation) of storage in neuronal networks, and broad tuning, which has the advantage of allowing these properties of neuronal networks to be realized but the disadvantage of leading to interference between the different memories stored in an associative network. There is evidence that the responses of some of these neurons are altered by experience so that new stimuli become incorporated in the network. It is shown that the representation that is built in temporal cortical areas shows considerable invariance for size, contrast, spatial frequency and translation. Thus the representation is in a form which is particularly useful for storage and as an output from the visual system. It is also shown that one of the representations that is built is object based, which is suitable for recognition and as an input to associative memory, and that another is viewer centred, which is appropriate for conveying information about gesture. Ways are considered in which such cortical representations might be built by competitive self-organization aided by back projections in the multi-stage cortical processing hierarchy which has convergence from stage to stage.