P Martikainen1, J Adda, J E Ferrie, G Davey Smith, M Marmot. 1. International Centre for Health and Society, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK. p.martikainen@public-health.ucl.ac.uk
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether measures of income and wealth are associated with poor self rated health and GHQ depression. DESIGN: Whitehall II study of London based civil servants re-interviewed between 1997-1999; 7162 participants. MAIN RESULTS: A twofold age adjusted difference in morbidity was observed between the top and bottom of the personal income hierarchy for both sexes. For household income and particularly for wealth these associations are stronger. After adjusting for health at baseline the associations between personal income and both health outcomes are reduced by about 40%-60%. For household income the attenuation is somewhat smaller and for wealth is about 30%. Adjusting for other sociodemographic factors leads to further attenuation of the effects. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between income, particularly personal income, and morbidity can be largely accounted for by pre-existing health and other measures of social position. The strong independent association between household wealth-a measure of income earned over decades and across generations-and morbidity are likely to be related to a set of early and current material and psychosocial benefits.
STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether measures of income and wealth are associated with poor self rated health and GHQ depression. DESIGN: Whitehall II study of London based civil servants re-interviewed between 1997-1999; 7162 participants. MAIN RESULTS: A twofold age adjusted difference in morbidity was observed between the top and bottom of the personal income hierarchy for both sexes. For household income and particularly for wealth these associations are stronger. After adjusting for health at baseline the associations between personal income and both health outcomes are reduced by about 40%-60%. For household income the attenuation is somewhat smaller and for wealth is about 30%. Adjusting for other sociodemographic factors leads to further attenuation of the effects. CONCLUSIONS: The associations between income, particularly personal income, and morbidity can be largely accounted for by pre-existing health and other measures of social position. The strong independent association between household wealth-a measure of income earned over decades and across generations-and morbidity are likely to be related to a set of early and current material and psychosocial benefits.
Authors: M G Marmot; G D Smith; S Stansfeld; C Patel; F North; J Head; I White; E Brunner; A Feeney Journal: Lancet Date: 1991-06-08 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Elena Ronda; Erica Briones-Vozmediano; Tanyse Galon; Ana M García; Fernando G Benavides; Andrés A Agudelo-Suárez Journal: Health Expect Date: 2015-04-06 Impact factor: 3.377
Authors: Marianna Virtanen; Jane E Ferrie; Archana Singh-Manoux; Martin J Shipley; Jussi Vahtera; Michael G Marmot; Mika Kivimäki Journal: Eur Heart J Date: 2010-05-11 Impact factor: 29.983
Authors: Georgios D Mantzavinis; Thomas A Trikalinos; Ioannis D K Dimoliatis; John P A Ioannidis Journal: Qual Life Res Date: 2006-04 Impact factor: 4.147
Authors: Daniëlle A I Groffen; Annemarie Koster; Hans Bosma; Marjan van den Akker; Gertrudis I J M Kempen; Jacques Th M van Eijk; Coen H van Gool; Brenda W J H Penninx; Tamara B Harris; Susan M Rubin; Marco Pahor; Richard Schulz; Eleanor M Simonsick; Sara E Perry; Hilsa N Ayonayon; Stephen B Kritchevsky Journal: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2013-02-06 Impact factor: 4.105