Equilibrium protein folding-unfolding process involving multiple intermediates.

Mathematical models for the protein folding-unfolding process involving multiple intermediates have been derived. Computer fitting of the experimental data to this model generates various thermodynamic parameters for the folding-unfolding process. In this way, the complex folding-unfolding process of the multi-domain proteins can be analysed in a quantitative way. The application of the folding-unfolding model involving seven stages in human placental alkaline phosphatase is described.