Spreading depression can be elicited in brain stem of immature but not adult rats.

Spreading depression (SD), a neuronal mechanism involved in brain pathophysiology, occurs in brain areas with high neuronal density such as the cerebral cortex. By contrast, the brain stem is thought to be resistant to SD. Here we show that DC shifts resembling cortical SD can be elicited in rat brain stem by topical application of KCl but not by pricking the brain stem. However, this was only possible until postnatal day 13, and, in addition, susceptibility for SD had to be enhanced. The latter was achieved by superfusion of the brain stem for 45 min with a solution containing acetate instead of chloride ions. Transient asphyxia or hypoxia by 2 min breathing 6% O2 in N2 had a similar effect. Negative brain stem DC deflections were paralleled by an increase of extracellular potassium concentration </=40 mM and were spreading, but unlike cortical SD they were not inducible by glutamate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). Time course and slope of brain stem SD either resembled cortical SD or were long-lasting and sustained. The latter stopped normal breathing. Different from cortical SD, negative brain stem DC deflections were changed in their slope (mostly converted into sustained shape, peak time was significantly prolonged, decline-time and duration were prolonged), but not abolished by the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801. Thus we demonstrate that the immature brain stem has the capacity to generate negative DC shifts, which could be relevant as a risk factor in newborn brain stem function.