Late sequelae of proximal humerus fractures.

Proximal humerus fractures, both minimally displaced and complex, are subject to the development of complications. Late sequelae of such injuries include refractory shoulder stiffness, osteonecrosis, malunion, nonunion, and heterotopic bone formation. A prompt, accurate diagnosis and proper treatment protocol can decrease the occurrence and severity of such complications. When complications do occur, treatment options to improve outcome should be implemented.