A model for predicting likely sites of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism on drug-like molecules.

We have developed a rapid semiquantitative model for evaluating the relative susceptibilities of different sites on drug molecules to metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A4. The model is based on the energy necessary to remove a hydrogen radical from each site, plus the surface area exposure of the hydrogen atom. The energy of hydrogen radical abstraction is conventionally measured by AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital calculations. AM1 calculations show the following order of radical stabilities for the hydrogen atom abstractions: sp2 centers > heteroatom sp3 centers > carbon sp3 centers. Since AM1 calculations are too time intensive for routine work, we developed a statistical trend vector model, which is used to estimate the AM1 abstraction energy of a hydrogen atom from its local atomic environment. We carried out AM1 and trend vector calculations on 50 CYP3A4 substrates whose major sites of metabolism are known in the literature. A plot of the lowest hydrogen radical formation energy versus its sterically accessible surface area exposure for these 50 substrates shows that only those hydrogen atoms with solvent accessible surface area exposure > or = 8.0 A(2) are susceptible to CYP3A4-mediated metabolism. This approach forms the basis for our general model, which predicts sites on drugs that are susceptible to cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated hydrogen radical abstraction followed by a hydroxylation reaction. This model, in conjunction with specific enzyme site binding requirements, can aid in identifying possible sites of metabolism catalyzed by other cytochrome P450 enzymes.