Pharmacological potential of embryonic stem cells.

Established embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have been at the forefront of approaches to understand gene function during embryogenesis and in adult vertebrate organisms, principally due to exploitation of two essential attributes; their pluripotency or ability to contribute to all three germinal layers and germ line in mice and their ease of genetic modification. Endeavours to routinely establish ES cells from species other than mice have met with limited success, although with rapid progress being made in our understanding of their basic cell biology, the regular derivation of lines from pre-implantation embryos will become easier for many species including humans. With a recent growing awareness of how these cells can be made to grow in an unlimited, but regulated manner plus how their fate can be directed or manipulated into diverse, mature phenotypes in culture, it has become clear that the biological resource offers additional attractive features applicable for future biomedical research and therapy. Advanced mouse ES-based technologies are being used in the industry for pharmaceutical discovery and development, while it is also anticipated that human ES cell reagents will revolutionise aspects of regenerative medicine. This review will summarise the advantages, potential and great hope for ES cell based systems in these contexts.