Structural changes of water in the Schiff base region of bacteriorhodopsin: proposal of a hydration switch model.

In a light-driven proton-pump protein, bacteriorhodopsin (BR), three water molecules participate in a pentagonal cluster that stabilizes an electric quadrupole buried inside the protein. In low-temperature Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) K minus BR spectra, the frequencies of water bands suggest extremely strong hydrogen bonding conditions in BR. The three observed water O-D stretches, at 2323, 2292, and 2171 cm(-1), are probably associated with water that interacts with the negative charges in the Schiff base region. Retinal isomerization weakens these hydrogen bonds in the K intermediate, but not in the later intermediates such as L, M, and N. In these states, spectral changes of water bands appeared only in the >2500 cm(-1) region, which correspond to weak hydrogen bonds. This observation suggests that after the K state the water molecules in the Schiff base region find a hydrogen bonding acceptor. We propose here a model for the mechanism of proton transfer from the Schiff base to Asp85. In the "hydration switch model", hydration of a water molecule is switched in the M intermediate from Asp85 to Asp212. This will have increased the pK(a) of the proton acceptor, and the proton transfer is from the Schiff base to Asp85. The present results also suggest that the deprotonated Asp96 in the N intermediate is stabilized in a manner different from that of Asp85 in BR.