Characterization of HLA DR3/DQ2 transgenic mice: a potential humanized animal model for autoimmune disease studies.

Linkage studies indicate close associations of certain HLA alleles with autoimmune diseases. To better understand how specific HLA alleles are related to disease pathogenesis, we have generated an HLA DR3/DQ2 transgenic mouse utilizing a 550-kb yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) construct containing the complete DRalpha, DRbeta1, DRbeta3, DQalpha, and DQbeta regions. The transgenic mouse (4D1/C2D) in an I-Abeta(o) background appears healthy with no signs of autoimmune diseases. Lymphoid tissues as well as CD4(+) T cells develop normally. Characterization of the transgene expression demonstrates that approximately 90% of B cells express high levels of DR3 and 50-70% of B cells express DQ2. CD11c(+) dendritic cells express high levels of DR and DQ. Approximately 12-18% of resting T cells are positive for DR expression, and further up-regulation to 40-50% expression is seen upon activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAb. These results suggest that the transgenic construct confers a high fidelity to the normal human temporal and spatial expression profile. Analysis of T cell receptor repertoire in transgenic mice confirms that DR3/DQ2 are able to mediate thymic selection. Furthermore, transgenic mice respond to a DR3-restricted antigen, demonstrating antigen processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Purified T cells from ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized 4D1 mice respond to human APC co-cultured with OVA, suggesting appropriate antigen/DR3 or DQ2 recognition by murine T cells. Immunoglobulin isotype switching is also observed, indicating functional T-B cognate interactions. Thus, the DR3/DQ2 transgenic mouse has normal lymphoid development and functionality that are mediated by HLA transgenes and can be used to investigate HLA-associated immunological questions.