Accuracy of an optically isolated tetra-polar impedance measurement system.

Accurate electrical transfer impedance measurement at the high frequencies (> 1 MHz) required to characterise blood and intracellular structures is very difficult, owing to stray capacitances between lead wires. To solve this problem, an optically isolated measurement system has been developed using a phase-locked-loop technique for synchronisation between current injection (drive) and voltage measurement (receive) circuits. The synchronisation error between drive and receive circuits was less than 1 ns. The accuracy and reproducibility of the developed system was examined using a tissue equivalent Cole model consisting of two resistors and one capacitor. The absolute value Z and phase shift theta in impedance of the Cole model was measured at 1.25 MHz by both an LCR meter and the isolated measurement system. The difference between the values measured by the isolated measurement system and those measured by the LCR meter was less than 0.27omega (2.9%) in Z and 0.79 degree in theta. The standard deviation was less than 0.09 omega in Z and 0.60 degree in theta.