Neighbourhood density effects in reading aloud: new insights from simulations with the DRC model.

A series of nine simulations with the Dual Route Cascaded (DRC) model (Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001) investigated neighbourhood density (N) effects in nonword and word naming. Two main finding emerged from this work. First, when naming nonwords there are two loci for the effect of N in the model, contrary to Coltheart et al.'s single locus explanation of what the model is doing. The early N effect involves interactive activation between the orthographic lexicon and the letter units such that high N facilitates letter identification, which in turn affects the nonlexical route. The late N effect arises from activation in the orthographic lexicon that feeds forward to the phonological lexicon and primes phonemes in the phoneme system. Second, when naming words the presence/absence of an effect of N on the Letter Units through feedback from the lexical level depends on the parameter settings. Implications and suggestions for future directions are made.