Quantitative characterization of the nucleophile reactivity in penicillin acylase-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions.

Nucleophile reactivity of two most known nuclei of penicillins and cephalosporins, 6-aminopenicillanic (6-APA) and 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic (7-ADCA) acids, was quantitatively characterized. In penicillin acylase (PA)-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions the relative reactivity of the added nucleophile compared to the water (i.e. nucleophile reactivity) is defined by two complex kinetic parameters beta(0) and gamma, and depends on the nucleophile concentration. In turn, parameters beta(0) and gamma were shown to be dependent on the structure of both reactants involved: nucleophile and acyl donor. Analysis of the kinetic scheme revealed that nucleophile reactivity is one of a few key parameters controlling efficiency of PA-catalyzed acyl transfer to the added nucleophile in an aqueous medium. Computation of the maximum nucleophile conversion to the product using determined nucleophile reactivity parameters in the synthesis of three different antibiotics, ampicillin, amoxicillin and cephalexin, showed good correlation with the results of corresponding synthetic experiments. Suggested approach can be extended to the quantitative description and optimization of PA-catalyzed acyl transfer reactions in a wide range of experimental conditions.