Quantitative genetic analysis of natural populations.

Quantitative genetic studies in natural populations have been rare because they require large breeding programmes or known pedigrees. The relatedness that has been estimated from molecular markers can now be used to substitute for breeding, allowing studies of previously inaccessible species. Many behavioural ecologists have a sufficient number of markers and study species with characteristics that are amenable to this approach. It is now time to combine studies of selection with studies of genetic variation for a more complete understanding of behavioural evolution.