Advanced analytical methods for hemoglobin variants.

Hemoglobin variants are the protein mutations most often encountered in the clinical scene. They have been useful for developing methods to analyze mutant proteins because of their size and ease of collection in large amounts. Improvements in analytical methods have been directed toward higher resolution in electrophoresis and shorter elution times in chromatography. More importantly, in the last 20 years, hemoglobin variants have been used in the development of mass spectrometric strategies for analyzing protein mutations. This approach consists of a series of steps: measurement of the molecular mass of globins to detect or confirm the presence of mutations, peptide mass mapping or peptide mass fingerprinting of an enzymatic digest to identify mutated peptides, and tandem mass spectrometry to determine or confirm the site and type of mutation. The mass spectrometric strategy has enabled rapid analysis and demonstrated a superb ability to detect a number of hemoglobin variants, particularly those without a change in electrophoretic or chromatographic properties. Even with the recent advances in DNA analysis, protein analysis is still essential, because post-translational modifications following amino acid substitutions can occur including N-terminal acetylation, deamidation and oxidation-mediated processes.