Effects of the peptide mycotoxin destruxin E on insect haemocytes and on dynamics and efficiency of the multicellular immune reaction.

Destruxins (DTXs) are cyclic peptide toxins secreted by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. The effects of DTX E, the most active compound of this family on haemocytes, the immunocompetent insect cells, and on the dynamics and efficacy of the multicellular defense of insect hosts have been investigated. Ultrastructural alterations have been observed in circulating plasmatocytes and granular haemocytes, and in attached haemocytes of Galleria mellonella larvae treated with a toxic dose of DTX E (LC50). These changes appear as a consequence of disturbances induced in the cellular calcium balance. An effect on the cell surface of granulocytes was also noted in cells incubated with the toxin and FITC-Con A, even when the concentration of DTX was as low as 0.005 microg/ml. Morphological studies of haemocytic capsules formed in vivo revealed disturbances of the multicellular defense mechanism after toxin treatment However, an attempt to establish if these changes were significant was unsuccessful. In contrast, comparative assays regarding the effect of toxin treatment on the efficacy of the antifungal effect of encapsulation has given conclusive results. The germination of injected Aspergillus niger spores became slightly but significantly increased, and when the granuloma were incubated the fungus escaped more easily from the haemocytic envelope. These results are discussed in terms of significance of the contribution of DTXs to the fungal infection process. It is suggested that the fungal peptides may intervene during the disease by a true immune-inhibitory effect occurring at doses which do not cause paralysis or any general sign of toxicity (e.g., 0.8 microg/g of body weight).