Novel electrochemical immunosensors for seafood toxin analysis.

The current work describes the optimisation of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) system for measurement of a variety of seafood toxins, such as okadaic acid, brevetoxin, domoic acid and tetrodotoxin. A disposable screen-printed carbon electrode coupled with amperometric detection of p-aminophenol at +300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, produced by the label, alkaline phosphatase, was used for signal measurement. ELISA was primarily used to develop all toxin systems, prior to transferring to SPE. The sensors incorporate a relevant range for toxin detection, by which humans become ill, with detection limits achieved at SPE to the order of ng ml (-1) (ppb) or lower in some cases. The SPE system is simple and cost-effective due to their disposable nature, and analysis time is complete in 30 min. In addition, analyses can be achieved outside of a laboratory environment allowing for in-field measurements. Recovery experiments on selected toxins using the relevant working ranges highlighted the functionality of these systems yielding a +/-10% deviation for the true value.