Microarray technology and its application on nicotine research.

Since its development, microarray technique has revolutionized almost all fields of biomedical research by enabling high-throughput gene expression profiling. Using cDNA microarrays, thousands of genes from various organisms have been examined with respect to differentiation/development, disease diagnosis, and drug discovery Nevertheless, research on nicotine using cDNA microarrays has been rather limited. Therefore, it is our intention in this article to report the findings of our cDNA microarray study on nicotine. We first present an overview of the microarray technology, particularly focusing on the factors related to microarray design and analysis. Second, we provide a detailed description of several newly identified biological pathways in our laboratory, such as phosphatidylinositol signaling and calcium homeostasis, which are involved in response to chronic nicotine administration. Additionally, we illustrate how comparisons between microarray studies help identify candidate genes that potentially may explain the observed inverse association between smoking and schizophrenia. Lastly, given the early stage of microarray research on nicotine, we elaborate on the need for an efficient analysis of genetic networks to further enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in nicotine abuse and addiction.