Effect of grain colour gene (R) on grain dormancy and sensitivity of the embryo to abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat.

The level of grain dormancy and sensitivity to ABA of the embryo, a key factor in grain dormancy, were examined in developing grains of a white-grained wheat line, Novosibirskaya 67 (NS-67), and its red-grained near-isogenic lines (ANK-1A to -1D); a red-grained line, AUS 1490, and its white-grained mutant line (EMS-AUS). ANK lines showed higher levels of grain dormancy than NS-67 at harvest maturity. AUS 1490 grain also showed higher dormancy than EMS-AUS grain. These results suggest that the R gene for grain colour can enhance grain dormancy. However, the dormancy effect conferred by the R gene was not large, suggesting that it plays a minor role in the development of grain dormancy. Water extracts of AUS 1490 and EMS-AUS bran contained germination inhibitors equivalent to 1-10 microM ABA, although there was no difference in the amount of inhibitors between AUS 1490 and EMS-AUS. Thus, the grain colour gene of AUS 1490 did not appear to enhance the level of grain dormancy by accumulating germination inhibitors in its bran. Sensitivity to ABA of embryos was higher in grains collected around harvest-maturity for ANK lines and AUS 1490, compared with NS-67 and EMS-AUS. The R gene might enhance grain dormancy by increasing the sensitivity of embryos to ABA.