A DEAD-box protein functions as an ATP-dependent RNA chaperone in group I intron splicing.

The Neurospora crassa CYT-18 protein, the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, functions in splicing group I introns by inducing formation of the catalytically active RNA structure. Here, we identified a DEAD-box protein (CYT-19) that functions in concert with CYT-18 to promote group I intron splicing in vivo and vitro. CYT-19 does not bind specifically to group I intron RNAs and instead functions as an ATP-dependent RNA chaperone to destabilize nonnative RNA structures that constitute kinetic traps in the CYT-18-assisted RNA-folding pathway. Our results demonstrate that a DExH/D-box protein has a specific, physiologically relevant chaperone function in the folding of a natural RNA substrate.