The pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation.

1. The great majority of smokers are chronically dependent on tobacco. This dependence arises from the rituals and sensory associations of smoking that are reinforced, within seconds, by a rapid burst of nicotine from the cigarette. 2. All forms of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) -- gum, patches and inhaler -- and bupropion are safe and effective for increasing smoking cessation rates in the short and long terms. 3. Other than those who are minimally dependent, all patients willing to quit should be offered one of these therapies unless contraindications exist. The effectiveness of drug treatments is multiplied when associated with effective counselling or behavioural treatments. 4. While NRT is not recommended during pregnancy or in patients with cardiac disease, if the alternative is smoking NRT is almost certainly safe. 5. Combination NRT (more than one therapy) may be indicated in patients who have failed monotherapy in association with withdrawal symptoms. 6. There are some specific contraindications to the use of bupropion. Its subsidised availability should not influence prescribers to ignore these.