Engineering cellular microenvironments to improve cell-based drug testing.

Recent progress in the biology of cell adhesion is enabling cell culture models to better reproduce in vivo functions. Cues from adhesion to extracellular matrix and neighboring cells are important regulators of cell behaviors. The recent adaptation of semiconductor tools to spatially organize cells and their adhesions has enhanced our ability to engineer cell functions ex vivo. By using these tools to create more in vivo-like cultures, cell-based drug discovery and target validation could be improved. This review explores the biological advances made by these microfabrication tools and discusses how they could enable high-throughput cell-based assays.