Engineered Listeria monocytogenes as an AIDS vaccine.

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an attractive vector to elicit T cell immunity because it infects antigen-presenting cells and because infection originates at the mucosa. Lm expressing HIV gag elicits sustained high levels of gag-specific CTL in mice. Since Lm causes disease in immunocompromised hosts, a highly attenuated strain of Lm that requires D-Ala for viability was produced. Attenuated bacteria expressing HIV-1 gag (Lmdd-gag) are as efficient as wild-type recombinants at stimulating gag-specific murine CTL when administered with D-Ala and at boosting human CTL in vitro. Lmdd-gag immunization protects mice from vaccinia-gag challenge and induces mucosal CTL, even after systemic immunization.