Nonlinear viscoelasticity of concentrated solutions of aggrecan aggregate.

Aggrecan, the major cartilage proteoglycan, is the macromolecular species primarily involved in the resiliency of cartilage tissue. Most aggrecan molecules occur in cartilage extracellular matrix as aggregates. Each aggregate has a supramolecular structure, with many highly anionic, brushlike aggrecan subunits noncovalently bound to a hyaluronan chain. To better examine the viscoelastic properties of aggrecan aggregate, contaminating subunits were removed by exclusion chromatography. At physiologic ionic strength, concentrated solutions of purified aggrecan aggregate exhibit predominantly elastic behavior at small shear strains. However, above a critical strain, gamma c, the shear moduli show a pronounced strain-softening transition, where the storage modulus decreases suddenly, and the loss modulus exhibits a maximum. At small stresses, the creep function is also highly elastic, exhibiting an equilibrium compliance and large recoverable compliance. When the stress is amplified, a discrete transition to viscous flow occurs at a yield stress sigma y. These nonlinear responses are similar to previous observations for close-packed colloidal suspensions of soft spheres, such as microgel or emulsion particles, for which a yield transition occurs when the stress and deformation are sufficient to move a particle past its neighbors.