Rapid toxicity assessment and biomonitoring of marine contaminants--exploiting the potential of rapid biomarker assays and microscale toxicity tests.

There is a great need for an integrated international effort in research and training using rapid, easy to use, biomarker and microscale ecotoxicity techniques. These techniques must be directed, coordinated and formulated into protocols that contribute to the prevention and reduction of marine pollution world-wide and the improvement of ocean and human health. This need should be considered as urgent by marine environmental scientists, managers and policy makers throughout the world. Our paper discusses such techniques and suggests a four-point framework for advancing work towards their wider use, particularly in developing coastal nations.