Structure and function of concanavalin A.

Lectins have been extensively used to analyze a variety of fundamental processes in cell biology. In conjuntion with our studies on the cell surface and mitosis, we have determined the amino acid sequence and three-dimensional struction of concanavalin A (Con A), the mitogenic lectin from the jack bean. Knowledge of the structure has been helpful in interpreting experiments on lymphocyte mitogenesis and the effects of Con A on cell surface receptor mobility. Con A subunits for molecular weight 25,500 are folded into dome-like structures of maximum dimensions 42 times 40 times 39 A. The domes are related by 222 symmetry to form roughly tetrahedral tetramers. Each subunit contains two large antiparallel pleated sheets, and subunits are joined to form dimers and tetramers by interactions involving one of these pleated sheets. We have examined the binding of a variety of carbohydrates to Con A and have obtained preliminary data which suggest that there are differences in the saccharide-binding behavior of Con A in solution and in the crystalline state. Dimeric chemical derivatives of Con A have been prepared and shown to have biological activities different from those of the native tetrameric protein. Under different conditions, native Con A exhibits two antagonistic activities on the lymphoid cell surface: the induction of cap formation by its own receptors and the inhibition of the mobility of a variety of receptors, including its own receptors. The dimeric derivative, succinyl-Con A, is just as effective a mitogen as the native lectin, but it lacks the ability to modulate cell surface receptor mobility. The data suggest that neither extensive immobilization of cell surface receptors nor cap formation is required for cell stimulation. Further studies on modulation of receptor translocation suggest that hypothesis that there exists a connecting network of colchicine-sensitive proteins that links receptors of different kinds and mediates their rearrangement. The degree of connectivity of this postulated network appears to be altered by changes in the state of attachment of various surface receptors to the network. Thus the network might provide the cell with a means of transmitting signals such as the stimulus for mitosis by lectins or antigens.