Comparison of six three-dimensional navigation systems during sinus surgery.

Three-dimensional (3D) navigation systems are routinely used in the fields of endoscopic skull base surgery, neurosurgery, maxillo-facial and endoscopic sinus surgery. The use of such systems is associated with the following advantages: a better 3D orientation: a more confident surgeon; a more precise surgical approach; and a reduced operation time. Six different brands of 3D navigation system were compared in order to find out if there are major differences in performance and whether the considerable financial investment required to purchase such a system would be justified by a noticeable improvement in surgical interventions and a realization of the above expectations. The 3D navigation systems were tested by performing endoscopic sinus surgery on 26 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis. The system accuracy, the confidence of the surgeon, the time of anaesthesia, the cost, the number of personnel required (and their skills), and the technical resources were compared. No major differences in performance of the different brands of 3D navigation system were noticed. All of the systems showed high, but varying, system precision, the surgeons felt more confident and the time of anaesthesia was prolonged by 5-15 min. A well-trained operating staff is required. Assuming that the initial costs are excluded and that data transfer occurs automatically, personnel costs and the extra time required still have to be considered.