Sonochemistry of carbohydrate compounds.

A literature survey of carbohydrate sonochemistry is presented. The basic physical principles are discussed qualitatively before the main applications are reviewed. Along with other non-classical activation methods developed in accordance with 'Green Chemistry' requirements, ultrasonic irradiation offers important potential for the conversion of biomass raw materials such as polymeric carbohydrates to useful lower weight molecules. A number of reactions involving mono- or disaccharides, considered as a renewable source of fine chemicals, can also be performed with ultrasonic activation. This is the case for glycosylation, acetalization, oxidation, C-D, C-heteroatom, and C-C bond formations, which are improved in terms of reaction rates and yields and, in some instances, in their chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivities. The equipment available is briefly described, and practical considerations are given.