Length analyses of mammalian G-protein-coupled receptors.

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in mediating effects of extracellular messengers in a wide variety of biological systems, comprising the largest gene superfamily at least in mammals. Mammalian GPCRs are broadly classified into three families based on pharmacological properties and sequence similarities. These sequence similarities are largely confined to the seven transmembrane domains, and much less in the extracellular and intracellular loops and terminals (LTs). Together with the fact that the LTs vary considerably in length and sequence, the LT length of GPCRs has not been studied systematically. Here we have applied a statistical analysis to the length of the LTs of a wide variety of mammalian GPCRs in order to examine the existence of any trends in molecular architecture among a known mammalian GPCR population. Tree diagrams constructed by cluster analyses, using eight length factors in a given GPCR, revealed possible length relations among GPCRs and defined at least three groups. Most samples in Group J (joined) and Group M (minor) had an exceptionally long N-terminal and I3 loop, respectively; and other samples were considered as Group O (other/original). This length-based classification largely coincided with the conventional sequence- and pharmacology-based classification, suggesting that the LT length contains some biological information when analysed at the population level. Principle component analyses suggested the existence of inherent length differences between loops and terminals as well as between extracellular and intracellular LTs. Wilcoxon rank transformation tests unveiled statistically significant differences between Group O and Group J, not only in the N-terminal and I3 loop, but also in the E3 loop. Correlation analyses identified an E1-I2 length-correlation in Group O and Group J and an N-E3 length-correlation in Group J. Taken together, these results suggest a possible functional importance of LT length in the GPCR superfamily. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.