Premature ovarian failure and the FMR1 gene.

FMR1 is an X-linked gene that codes for an RNA binding protein. Expansion of a triplet repeat within exon 1 of the gene causes the fragile X syndrome, which is characterized by mental retardation and various physical anomalies. The triplet repeat in FMR1 can expand to varying degrees. Only the very large expansions in which there is concomitant methylation of the gene cause the fragile X syndrome. Expansions of between 50 and 200 repeats are premutations. Although premutations were originally perceived to be without phenotypic effect, there is now substantial evidence that female carriers of premutations are at increased risk of having early menopause. The FMR1 premutation is also associated with a significant number of cases ascertained because of idiopathic premature ovarian failure, particularly when ovarian failure is a familial trait. The molecular mechanism to explain the association between ovarian failure and premutations is unknown.